The Effects Debate
1) Complete the questions in the first activity box (beginning with 'Do you play violent games? Are you violent in real life?')
2) What are the four categories for different effects theories?
3) What are the examples provided for the hypodermic needle theory - where media texts have been blamed for certain events?
4) What was the 1999 Columbine massacre? You may need to research this online in addition to the information on the factsheet.
5) What are the reasons listed on the factsheet to possibly explain the Columbine High School massacre?
6) What does Gerbner's Cultivation theory suggest?
7) How does this front page of the Daily Mail (from this week - Wednesday 16 November) link to Cultivation theory? The Mail Online version of the story is here
8) What does the factsheet suggest about action films and the values and ideologies that are reinforced with regards to violence?
9) What criticisms of direct effect theories are suggested in the factsheet?
10) Why might the 1970s sitcom Love Thy Neighbour be considered so controversial today? What does this tell us about Reception theory and how audiences create meanings?
11) What examples are provided for Hall's theory of preferred, negotiated and oppositional readings?
12) Which audience theory do you think is most convincing? Why? It is important that you develop critical autonomy in judging the arguments for and against different theories and form your own opinion on these issues.
1) I play violent video games however i'm not that violent in real life. Playing these games don't alter my mindset, however i believe that the media does affect our attitudes and our perceptions on certain things. I have previously bought shoes after seeing it being advertised which shows that the media does affect and influence me, however i bought it as i didn't know it was available before i first saw it and I usually keep up with new colourways of certain shoes. I have also seen documentaries which influenced me as they broaden my general knowledge, making me see things differently and act in a different way prior to watching.
2) Direct Effect Theories
Diffusion Theories
Indirect Effect Theories
The Pluralist Approach
3) Marilyn Manson was blamed for the Columbine 1999 mass shooting after it was revealed that the shooters had been heavy listeners of his music. Rock music is usually used as a scapegoat for violent/ rebellious incidents when the person has an interest in it. Marilyn Manson was blamed as his lyrics are very violent and explicit which made it easy for him to be used as a scapegoat.
4) The Columbine massacre was a shooting within a school with assault rifles by 2 students, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, on April 20, 1999. 15 students were killed including the two shooters. 13 students and one teacher was murdered in this massacre. The shooters commited suicide in the library shortly after the massacre.
5) The ease of access to firearms and the social acceptance of gun ownership
The alienation felt by teenagers who felt as though they did not fit in
The hopelessness caused by living in an area where unemployment was high and was economically
disadvantaged
The general desensitisation caused by access to a range of violent images: film, TV, the news, the internet
6)This theory considers the way the media affects attitudes rather than behaviour. The media is seen as part of our socialisation process, communicating ‘appropriate’ attitudes and the norms and values of the culture. According to this theory, while any one media text does not have too much effect, repeated exposure to certain ideas and values may make the audience less critical of the ideas presented as they appear ‘normal’.
7) Cultivation theory applies to this front page cover story as it implies that the length of time that children spend in front of screens are becoming normalised. The repeat of it changes parents attitudes to how much time they are actually spending, deeming it to be 'normal'
8) Action films normalise aqnd excuse violence given the situation and reason why it is being done. It depicts violence for a 'good' reason is acceptable and violence for a 'bad' reason isnt. A 'good' reason may be protecting family and a 'bad' reason may be for financial gain.
9) This theory is largely discredited as it makes simplified judgements about the audience. However, it is still used politically as a criticism of certain media texts. Some texts which have been blamed for specific events:
Child’s Play – The murder of Jamie Bulger
Marilyn Manson – The Columbine High School shootings
Natural Born Killers – a number of murders committed by romantically linked couples. in one case, the director was sued for inciting violence although the court case was later dismissed
2) What are the four categories for different effects theories?
3) What are the examples provided for the hypodermic needle theory - where media texts have been blamed for certain events?
4) What was the 1999 Columbine massacre? You may need to research this online in addition to the information on the factsheet.
5) What are the reasons listed on the factsheet to possibly explain the Columbine High School massacre?
6) What does Gerbner's Cultivation theory suggest?
7) How does this front page of the Daily Mail (from this week - Wednesday 16 November) link to Cultivation theory? The Mail Online version of the story is here
8) What does the factsheet suggest about action films and the values and ideologies that are reinforced with regards to violence?
9) What criticisms of direct effect theories are suggested in the factsheet?
10) Why might the 1970s sitcom Love Thy Neighbour be considered so controversial today? What does this tell us about Reception theory and how audiences create meanings?
11) What examples are provided for Hall's theory of preferred, negotiated and oppositional readings?
12) Which audience theory do you think is most convincing? Why? It is important that you develop critical autonomy in judging the arguments for and against different theories and form your own opinion on these issues.
1) I play violent video games however i'm not that violent in real life. Playing these games don't alter my mindset, however i believe that the media does affect our attitudes and our perceptions on certain things. I have previously bought shoes after seeing it being advertised which shows that the media does affect and influence me, however i bought it as i didn't know it was available before i first saw it and I usually keep up with new colourways of certain shoes. I have also seen documentaries which influenced me as they broaden my general knowledge, making me see things differently and act in a different way prior to watching.
2) Direct Effect Theories
Diffusion Theories
Indirect Effect Theories
The Pluralist Approach
3) Marilyn Manson was blamed for the Columbine 1999 mass shooting after it was revealed that the shooters had been heavy listeners of his music. Rock music is usually used as a scapegoat for violent/ rebellious incidents when the person has an interest in it. Marilyn Manson was blamed as his lyrics are very violent and explicit which made it easy for him to be used as a scapegoat.
4) The Columbine massacre was a shooting within a school with assault rifles by 2 students, Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris, on April 20, 1999. 15 students were killed including the two shooters. 13 students and one teacher was murdered in this massacre. The shooters commited suicide in the library shortly after the massacre.
5) The ease of access to firearms and the social acceptance of gun ownership
The alienation felt by teenagers who felt as though they did not fit in
The hopelessness caused by living in an area where unemployment was high and was economically
disadvantaged
The general desensitisation caused by access to a range of violent images: film, TV, the news, the internet
6)This theory considers the way the media affects attitudes rather than behaviour. The media is seen as part of our socialisation process, communicating ‘appropriate’ attitudes and the norms and values of the culture. According to this theory, while any one media text does not have too much effect, repeated exposure to certain ideas and values may make the audience less critical of the ideas presented as they appear ‘normal’.
7) Cultivation theory applies to this front page cover story as it implies that the length of time that children spend in front of screens are becoming normalised. The repeat of it changes parents attitudes to how much time they are actually spending, deeming it to be 'normal'
8) Action films normalise aqnd excuse violence given the situation and reason why it is being done. It depicts violence for a 'good' reason is acceptable and violence for a 'bad' reason isnt. A 'good' reason may be protecting family and a 'bad' reason may be for financial gain.
9) This theory is largely discredited as it makes simplified judgements about the audience. However, it is still used politically as a criticism of certain media texts. Some texts which have been blamed for specific events:
Child’s Play – The murder of Jamie Bulger
Marilyn Manson – The Columbine High School shootings
Natural Born Killers – a number of murders committed by romantically linked couples. in one case, the director was sued for inciting violence although the court case was later dismissed
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